What Face Makeup Is Made Of

Substances applied to the torso to change appearance or fragrance

Contrasted cosmetics and tools

An actor applying bold makeup for a stage performance

Actor Marcus Stewart wearing bold face up makeup in the play Oresteia by Aeschylus (2019)

Cosmetics are constituted mixtures of chemic compounds derived from either natural sources, or synthetically created ones.^[1] Cosmetics have various purposes. Those designed for personal intendance and skin care tin be used to cleanse or protect the body or skin. Cosmetics designed to raise or alter one'due south appearance (makeup) can be used to conceal blemishes, enhance i's natural features (such as the eyebrows and eyelashes), add color to a person'southward face, or modify the appearance of the face entirely to resemble a different person, creature or object. Cosmetics can also be designed to add fragrance to the body.

Definition and etymology [edit]

The discussion cosmetics derives from the Greek κοσμητικὴ τέχνη ( "kosmetikē tekhnē" ), meaning "technique of clothes and ornament", from κοσμητικός ( "kosmētikos" ), "skilled in ordering or arranging"^[2] and that from κόσμος ( "kosmos" ), meaning "order" and "decoration".^[three] Cosmetics are constituted from a mixture of chemic compounds derived from either natural sources, or synthetically created ones.^[1]

Legal definition [edit]

Though the legal definition of cosmetics in most countries is broader, in some Western countries, cosmetics are commonly taken to mean but makeup products, such as lipstick, mascara, eye shadow, foundation, blush, highlighter, bronzer, and several other product types.

In the United States, the Nutrient and Drug Administration (FDA), which regulates cosmetics,^[4] defines cosmetics as products "intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the advent without affecting the trunk's structure or functions". This wide definition includes any fabric intended for use as an ingredient of a cosmetic product, with the FDA specifically excluding pure soap from this category.^[five]

Employ [edit]

Cosmetics designed for skin care tin can be used to cleanse, exfoliate and protect the skin, equally well as replenishing it, through the use of cleansers, toners, serums, moisturizers, and balms. Cosmetics designed for more than full general personal care, such as shampoo and torso wash, can exist used to cleanse the body.

Cosmetics designed to enhance ane'southward advent (makeup) tin be used to conceal blemishes, heighten 1's natural features (such as the eyebrows and eyelashes), add colour to a person'southward face and—in the case of more extreme forms of makeup used for performances, fashion shows and people in costume—tin exist used to change the advent of the face entirely to resemble a different person, animal or object. Techniques for changing advent include contouring, which aims to give shape to an area of the face.

Cosmetics tin can as well exist designed to add together fragrance to the body.

History [edit]

Cosmetics take been in use for thousands of years, with ancient Egyptians and Sumerians using them. In Europe, use of cosmetics continued into the Middle Ages—where the face was whitened and the cheeks rouged—^[6] though attitudes towards cosmetics varied throughout fourth dimension, with the use of cosmetics being openly frowned upon at many points in Western history.^[vii] Regardless of the changes in social attitudes towards cosmetics, ideals of advent were occasionally achieved through the use of cosmetics past many.

According to i source, early major developments in cosmetics include:^[one]

• Kohl used by aboriginal Egyptians
• Castor oil too used in ancient Arab republic of egypt equally a protective lotion
• Skin creams fabricated of beeswax, olive oil, and rose h2o, described by the Romans
• Vaseline and lanolin in the nineteenth century.

Historically, the absence of regulation of the industry and utilize of cosmetics, every bit well as the absenteeism of scientific knowledge regarding the effects of diverse compounds on the human body for much of this time catamenia, led to a number of negative adverse furnishings upon those who used cosmetics, including deformities, blindness and in some cases death. Many cosmetic products available at this time were still either chemically dubious or derived from natural resources commonly found in the kitchen, such every bit food colouring, berries and beetroot. Examples of the prevalent usage of harmful cosmetics include the use of ceruse (white lead) throughout a number of different cultures, such equally during the Renaissance in the West, and blindness caused by the mascara Lash Lure during the early 20th century. During the 19th century, there was a loftier number of incidences of lead poisoning due to the fashion for red and white lead makeup and pulverization, leading to swelling and inflammation of the eyes, weakened tooth enamel and blackening skin, with heavy utilise known to lead to decease. Usage of white pb was not confined merely to the West, with the white Japanese face makeup known as oshiroi as well produced using white lead. In the second part of the 19th century, scientific advances in the product of makeup lead to the creation of makeup free of hazardous substances such as lead.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Throughout the later 19th century and early on 20th century, changes in the prevailing attitudes towards cosmetics led to the wider expansion of the cosmetics industry, with the market adult in the Usa during the 1910s by figures such as Elizabeth Arden, Helena Rubinstein, and Max Factor. These firms were joined by Revlon simply before Globe State of war 2 and Estée Lauder just later on. By the middle of the 20th century, cosmetics were in widespread employ by women in about all industrial societies around the world, with the cosmetics manufacture becoming a multibillion-dollar enterprise past the beginning of the 21st century.^{[ citation needed ]} The wider acceptance of the utilize of cosmetics led some to see makeup equally a tool utilised in the oppression and subjection of women to unfair societal standards. In 1968 at the feminist Miss America protest, protestors symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a "Freedom Trash Tin",^[8] with cosmetics among the items the protestors called "instruments of female torture"^[9] and accoutrements of what they perceived to be enforced femininity.

As of 2016^[update], the world's largest cosmetics company is L'Oréal, founded by Eugène Schueller in 1909 equally the French Harmless Pilus Colouring Company (at present owned by Liliane Bettencourt 26% and Nestlé 28%; the remaining 46% is traded publicly).

Although mod makeup has been traditionally used mainly by women, an increasing number of men are using makeup to heighten their own facial features or cover blemishes and dark circles. Cosmetics brands take increasingly targeted men in the sale of cosmetics, with some products targeted specifically at men.^{[10] [11]}

Types [edit]

Though there are a large number of differing cosmetics used for a variety of different purposes, all cosmetics are typically intended to be practical externally. These products can be applied to the confront (on the skin, lips, eyebrows and optics), to the body (on the skin, in particular the hands and nails), and to the hair. These products may be intended for use as skincare, personal intendance or to alter the advent, with the subset of cosmetics known as makeup primarily referring to products containing color pigments intended for the purpose of altering the wearer's advent; some manufacturers will distinguish only between "decorative" cosmetics intended to alter the appearance and "care" cosmetics designed for skincare and personal care.

Most cosmetics are too distinguished past the area of the torso intended for application, with cosmetics designed to be used on the face up and heart area usually applied with a brush, a makeup sponge, or the fingertips. Cosmetics can be also described by the physical composition of the product. Cosmetics tin be liquid or cream emulsions, powders (pressed or loose), dispersions, or anhydrous creams or sticks.

Decorative [edit]

• Primers are used on the confront before makeup is applied, creating a typically transparent, smooth layer over the top of the skin, allowing for makeup to be practical smoothly and evenly. Some primers may also be tinted, and this tint may friction match the wearer'due south skin tone, or may colour right it, using greens, oranges and purples to fifty-fifty out the wearer's skin tone and correct redness, regal shadows or orange discolouration respectively.
• Concealer is a foam or liquid production used to conceal marks or blemishes of the skin. Concealer is typically the color of the user'south pare tone, and is generally applied after the confront has been primed to fifty-fifty out the wearer's skin tone before foundation can be applied. Concealer is usually more heavily pigmented, higher coverage and thicker than foundation or tinted primers. Though concealer is often more heavy duty in terms of pigment and consistency than foundation, a number of dissimilar formulations intended for unlike styles of use - such equally a lighter concealer for the eyes and a heavier concealer for phase makeup - are bachelor, as well every bit colour correcting concealers intended to remainder out discolouration of the skin specifically.
• Foundation is a foam, liquid, mousse or pulverisation product applied to the entirety of the confront to create a smooth and even base in the user'southward skin tone. Foundation provides a more often than not lower corporeality of coverage than concealer, and is sold in formulations that tin can provide sheer, matte, dewy or full coverage to the peel.^[4]
• Rouge, blush, or blusher is a liquid, cream or powder product applied to the centre of the cheeks with the intention of calculation or enhancing their natural colour. Blushers are typically bachelor in shades of pinkish or warm tan and brown, and may also be used to make the cheekbones announced more defined.^[4]
• Bronzer is a powder, cream or liquid product that adds color to the peel, typically in bronze or tan shades intended to give the peel a tanned appearance and enhance the colour of the face. Bronzer, like highlighter, may besides incorporate substances providing a shimmer or glitter effect,^[four] and comes in either matte, semi-matte, satin, or shimmer finishes.
• Highlighter is a liquid, cream or powder product practical to the high points of the confront such as the eyebrows, olfactory organ and cheekbones. Highlighter unremarkably has substances added providing a shimmer or glitter upshot. Alternatively, a lighter toned foundation or concealer can be used every bit a highlighter.
• Countenance pencils, creams, waxes, gels, and powders are used to color, fill in, and define the brows.^{[4] [12] [thirteen]} Countenance tinting treatments are also used to dye the countenance hairs a darker color, either temporarily or permanently, without staining and colouring the skin underneath the eyebrows.
• Eyeshadow is a powder, cream or liquid pigmented product used to depict attending to, accentuate and change the shape of the area around the eyes, on the eyelid and the infinite beneath the eyebrows. Eyeshadow is typically applied using an eyeshadow castor, with generally modest and rounded bristles, though liquid and cream formulations may also be applied with the fingers. Eyeshadow is available in almost every color, as well as being sold in a number of unlike finishes, ranging from matte finishes with sheer coverage to glossy, shimmery, glittery and highly pigmented finishes. Many dissimilar colours and finishes of eyeshadow may be combined in one wait and composite together to attain different effects.
• Eyeliner is used to enhance and elongate the apparent size or depth of the middle; though eyeliner is usually black, it can come in many different colours, including brown, white and blue. Eyeliner can come in the class of a pencil, a gel or a liquid.
• False eyelashes are used to extend, exaggerate and add book to the eyelashes. Consisting generally of a small-scale strip to which hair - either man, mink or synthetic - is attached, imitation eyelashes are typically practical to the lash line using glue, which tin can come in latex and latex free varieties; magnetic false eyelashes, which attach to the eyelid after magnetic eyeliner is applied, are also available. Designs vary in length and colour, with rhinestones, gems, feathers and lace available as false eyelash designs. False eyelashes are not permanent, and can be easily taken off with the fingers. Eyelash extensions are a more permanent way to achieve this await. Each fix lasts for two to 3 weeks, then the fix can be filled, like to the maintenance of acrylic nails. To employ to extensions the certified lash artist would start by taping down the bottom eyelashes. The lash artist would and then use 2 tweezers, one to isolate the natural eyelash and one to apply the false eyelash. An individual faux eyelash, or lash fan, is practical to one natural eyelash using a lash mucilage specific for this process. The eyelashes should non be stuck together. The length and thickness of the false lash should non be to heavy for the natural eyelash. If this procedure is washed correctly no harm will be done to the natural eyelashes.^[fourteen]
• Mascara is used to darken, lengthen, thicken, or enhance the eyelashes through the use of a typically thick, cream consistency production applied with a spiral bristle mascara brush. Mascara is commonly blackness, brownish or articulate, though a number of different colours, some containing glitter, are bachelor. Mascara is typically advertised and sold in a number of different formulations that annunciate qualities such equally waterproofing, volume enhancement, length enhancement and curlicue enhancement, and may be used in combination with an eyelash curler to raise the natural gyre of the eyelashes.^[4]
• Lip products, including lipstick, lip gloss, lip liner and lip balms.^[four] Lip products commonly add together colour and texture to the lips, too equally serving to moisturise the lips and define their external edges. Products adding color and texture to the lips, such as lipsticks and lip glosses, frequently come in a wide range of colours, equally well equally a number of unlike finishes, such as matte finishes and satin or glossy finishes. Other styles of lip colouration products such as lip stains temporarily saturate the lips with a dye, and typically practise not alter the texture of the lips. Both lip colour products and lip liners may be waterproof, and may be applied directly to the lips, with a brush, or with the fingers. Lip balms, though designed to moisturise and protect the lips (such equally through the addition of UV protection) may also tint the lips.
• Face up powder, setting pulverisation, or setting sprays are used to 'set' foundation or concealer, giving it a matte or consistent terminate whilst also concealing minor flaws or blemishes. Both powders and setting sprays claim to keep makeup from absorbing into the skin or melting off. Whilst setting sprays are by and large non tinted, setting powder and face powder can come in translucent or tinted varieties, and can be used to bake foundation in order for it to stay longer on the face. Tinted face powders may also exist worn solitary without foundation or concealer to requite an extremely sheer coverage base.
• Smash polish is a liquid used to colour the fingernails and toenails.^[iv] Transparent, colorless nail polishes may exist used to strengthen nails or be used equally a top or base glaze to protect the nail or nail shine. Blast polish, like eyeshadow, is available in virtually every color and a number of different finishes, including matte, shimmer, glossy and crackle finishes.

Skincare [edit]

Cleansing is a standard pace in skin care routines. Skin cleansing includes some or all of these steps or cosmetics:

• Cleansers or foaming washes are used to remove backlog clay, oil, and makeup left on the skin.^[15] Unlike cleansing products are aimed at various types of skin, such as sulfate-free cleansers and spin brushes.^[15]
  • Cleansing oil or oil cleanser is an oil-based solution that gently emulsifies the skin's natural oils and removes makeup. Cleansing oils are typically used every bit part of a two-step cleansing process. Subsequently the skin has been apple-pie with an oil cleanser, a second cleanse is done using a mild gel, milk or cream cleanser to ensure any traces of the oil cleanser and makeup are removed.
• Toners are used after cleansing to remove any remaining traces of cleanser and restore the pH of the skin. They as well may add some hydration. They are usually applied to a cotton fiber pad and wiped over the skin, simply can be sprayed onto the peel from a spray bottle or poured onto the hand and patted directly onto the skin. Toners usually contain water, citric acid, herbal extracts and other ingredients. Witch hazel is still commonly used in toners to tighten the pores and refresh the peel. Alcohol is used less often as it is drying and can exist irritating to the skin. It may still be found in toners specially for those with oily peel. Some toners comprise active ingredients and target particular pare types, such equally tea tree oil, salicylic acid, or glycolic acrid.
• Hyperpigmentation treatment: Kojic Acid soap, cream or powder and Arbutin (b-D-glucopyranoside derivative of hydroquinone) serum or foam helps to get rid of hyperpigmentation spots of the skin.^[xvi]
• Facial masks are treatments applied to the skin and so removed. Typically, they are applied to a dry, cleansed face, fugitive the eyes and lips.
  • Clay-based masks use kaolin clay or fuller'due south earth to ship essential oils and chemicals to the skin, and are typically left on until completely dry out. As the dirt dries, it absorbs excess oil and clay from the surface of the skin and may assistance to articulate blocked pores or draw comedones to the surface. Because of its drying actions, clay-based masks should just be used on oily skins.
  • Peel masks are typically gel-like in consistency and incorporate acids or exfoliating agents to help exfoliate the peel, forth with other ingredients to hydrate, discourage wrinkles, or treat uneven skin tone. They are left on to dry and then gently peeled off. They should be avoided past people with dry out or sensitive skin, as they tend to be very drying.
  • Sail masks are a relatively new product that are becoming extremely popular in Asia. Sheet masks consist of a sparse cotton wool or cobweb canvas with holes cut out for the eyes and lips and cut to fit the contours of the face, onto which serums and skin treatments are brushed in a thin layer; the sheets may be soaked in the treatment. Masks are available to suit almost all peel types and skin complaints. Canvas masks are quicker, less messy, and require no specialized knowledge or equipment for their use compared to other types of face masks, but they may be difficult to find and purchase outside Asia.
  • Exfoliants are products that assist slough off expressionless skin cells from the topmost layer of the skin to amend the appearance of the skin. This is achieved either past using balmy acids or other chemicals to loosen old skin cells or lightly annoying substances to physically remove them. Exfoliation can as well help even out patches of rough skin, improve cell turnover, clear blocked pores to discourage acne, and improve the appearance and healing of scars.
  • Chemical exfoliants include azelaic acid, citric acid, acetic acrid, malic acid, mandelic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, salicylic acid, papain and bromelain. They may be found in cleansers, scrubs and peels, but also leave-on products such equally toners, serums and moisturisers. Chemical exfoliants mainly fall into the categories of AHAs, BHAs, PHAs or enzymes.
  • Abrasive exfoliants include gels, creams or lotions, likewise as concrete objects.
• Moisturizers are creams or lotions that hydrate the skin and help it to retain moisture; they may contain essential oils, herbal extracts, or chemicals to assistance with oil command or reducing irritation. Night creams are typically more hydrating than twenty-four hour period creams, but may be also thick or heavy to wear during the 24-hour interval, hence their proper name. Tinted moisturizers contain a small amount of foundation, which can provide light coverage for minor blemishes or to fifty-fifty out skin tones. They are ordinarily applied with the fingertips or a cotton pad to the entire face, fugitive the lips and expanse effectually the eyes. Eyes require a different kind of moisturizer compared with the rest of the confront. The skin around the eyes is extremely thin and sensitive, and is often the start surface area to testify signs of aging. Eye creams are typically very light lotions or gels, and are usually very gentle; some may comprise ingredients such every bit caffeine or Vitamin 1000 to reduce puffiness and night circles under the eyes. Eye creams or gels should exist applied over the entire centre expanse with a finger, using a patting move. Finding a moisturizer with SPF is beneficial to prevent aging and wrinkles.
• Sunscreens are creams, lotions, sprays, gels, sticks, or other topical projects that protect the skin from the sun; they contain organic or inorganic filters which act to absorb or reflect harmful UV radiation. ^[17] Sunscreens are marked with 'spf' which ways 'sun protection factor' this shows that a production provides protection against UVB.^[17] UVA ratings on sunscreens can be denoted past the amount of stars or plus symbols varying amongst countries. ^[18] It is to exist noted UVA ratings do not specifically describe the amount of UVA protection a sunscreen is providing but rather the ratio of equal UVA and UVB protection. ^[eighteen] The recommended 'gilt standard' of a sunscreen should be at least SPF 30 and at least 4 stars or plus symbols. ^[18] Daily sunscreen application is very important but uses of shade, clothing, and hats are equally important and more than constructive for dominicus protection.

Hair intendance [edit]

Pilus care is a category of cosmetics devoted to products which are used to ameliorate the advent of pilus.^[19]

• Shampoos are used to make clean the hair and scalp by massaging into wet hair and then rinsing.^[20]
• Hair conditioners are used following shampoo to ameliorate the appearance of hair by making it smoother and shinier.
• Styling products include gels, waxes, foams, creams, mousse, serum and pomades; they are used to create and maintain hairstyles.

Perfume [edit]

Perfumes or fragrances are liquids which can exist sprayed or applied to produce a long-lasting smell.^[21] They are created by mixing dissimilar compounds together. There are different groups of perfumes which are categorised according to their concentration.^[21]

• Parfum
• Eau de parfum
• Eau de toilette
• Eau fraiche

Tools [edit]

Various tools are used to employ cosmetics.

Brushes [edit]

• A makeup brush is used to apply makeup onto the confront. In that location are two types of makeup brushes: synthetic and natural. Synthetic brushes are best for cream products while natural brushes are platonic for powder products.^[22] Using the advisable brush to employ a certain production allows the product to blend into the peel smoothly and evenly.
• A foundation brush is usually a dense brush that distributes the product evenly while smoothing out the confront. This castor is best used to achieve full coverage.
• A concealer castor has a pocket-sized, tapered tip that allows for precise spot correction such as blemishes or discoloration.
• A stippling brush has soft, synthetic bristles that gives an airbrushed issue. This brush is best used to achieve light to medium coverage.
• A blush brush comes in all shapes and sizes and is used to apply blush, assuasive the blush to await natural while giving a flush of color.
• A pulverisation brush tends to be big and fluffy for quick and like shooting fish in a barrel application of dusting powder all over the face up. Powder gives the appearance of a matte upshot.
• A bronzer blush, which can also serve equally a contour brush is an angled brush that gives the face dimensions and illusions, by allowing the makeup to be placed in substitution of bone construction. This brush can besides exist used to add a shimmering highlight illusion to the cheekbones, nose and chin.
• A highlight castor, likewise known equally a fan brush, has bristles that are typically spread out and is used to utilize where the sun would naturally hit.
• An eyeshadow brush is a dense brush that allows shadow to exist packed onto the eyelid.
• A blending eyeshadow brush is used to blend out whatsoever harsh lines you lot may have from the eyeshadow and can soften the eyeshadow wait.
• An eyeliner brush is tapered with an extra fine tip used for gel eyeliners which allows precision to line the optics.
• A spoolie is used to castor out the eyebrows and can also be used as a mascara wand.
• A lip brush is minor to ensure precision and is used to apply lipstick evenly onto the lips.
• An eyebrow brush is tapered and is slanting from the top, which tends to define the eyebrows and fill up in the empty spaces between brows, to give them a fuller and denser expect.
• A Kabuki brush is used to apply any sort of pulverization makeup on large surfaces of the face (loose powder, foundation, face up pulverization, chroma, bronzer). This brush is used to evenly the skin.

Other applicators [edit]

In addition to brushes, a makeup sponge is a popular applicator. Makeup sponges can be used to utilize foundation, blend concealer, and apply powder or highlighter.

Loofahs, microfiber cloths, natural sponges, or brushes may be used to exfoliate peel, only by rubbing them over the face in a circular movement. Gels, creams, or lotions may contain an acrid to encourage dead skin cells to loosen, and an abrasive such as microbeads, sea salt and carbohydrate, ground nut shells, rice bran, or footing apricot kernels to scrub the dead cells off the skin. Salt and carbohydrate scrubs tend to exist the harshest, while scrubs containing chaplet or rice bran are typically very gentle.

Ingredients [edit]

A variety of organic compounds and inorganic compounds comprise typical cosmetics. Typical organic compounds are modified natural oils and fats as well as a variety of petrochemically derived agents. Inorganic compounds are candy minerals such equally iron oxides, talc, and zinc oxide. The oxides of zinc and iron are classified as pigments, i.eastward. colorants that have no solubility in solvents.

Natural [edit]

Handmade and certified organic products are becoming more mainstream, due to the fact that sure chemicals in some skincare products may be harmful if absorbed through the peel. Products claimed to exist organic should, in the U.South., exist certified "USDA Organic".^[23] One of the near popular traditional Chinese medicines is the fungus tremella fuciformis, used as a beauty product by women in Communist china and Japan.^[24]

Mineral [edit]

The term "mineral makeup" applies to a category of face makeup, including foundation, eye shadow, blush, and bronzer, fabricated with loose, dry mineral powders. These powders are often mixed with oil-water emulsions. Lipsticks, liquid foundations, and other liquid cosmetics, too as compressed makeups such as heart shadow and blush in compacts, are often called mineral makeup if they take the same primary ingredients as dry mineral makeups. Liquid makeups must contain preservatives and compressed makeups must incorporate binders, which dry mineral makeups do not. Mineral makeup usually does not incorporate constructed fragrances, preservatives, parabens, mineral oil, and chemical dyes. For this reason, dermatologists may consider mineral makeup to exist gentler to the pare than makeup that contains those ingredients.^[25] Some minerals are nacreous or pearlescent, giving the peel a shining or sparking appearance. One example is bismuth oxychloride.^[ane] At that place are various mineral-based makeup brands, including: Bare Minerals, Tarte, Bobbi Brownish, and Stila.

Porous minerals [edit]

Porous minerals is a subcategory of mineral makeup ingredients where the porosity of the mineral particles enables extraordinary absorption chapters compared to non-porous mineral materials. This feature improves sebum control, long-lasting mattifying effect or gives a matte texture when used in makeup. Porous minerals tin can also act as carriers, absorbing a wide range of substances into its porous network.

Advertised benefits of mineral-based makeup [edit]

Although some ingredients in cosmetics may crusade concerns, some are seen every bit beneficial. Titanium dioxide, found in sunscreens, and zinc oxide accept anti-inflammatory properties.^[26] Many mineral based makeup create a bulwark between the skin and outside elements, which allows information technology to provide some protection against the sun and its possible harmful effects.^[27]

Mineral makeup is noncomedogenic (as long as it does not comprise talc) and offers a mild amount of sun protection (considering of the titanium dioxide and zinc oxide).^{[ citation needed ]}

Packaging [edit]

The term cosmetic packaging is used for primary packaging and secondary packaging of cosmetic products.^{[ citation needed ]}

Principal packaging, besides called cosmetic container, is housing the cosmetic production. It is in direct contact with the cosmetic product. Secondary packaging is the outer wrapping of one or several cosmetic container(s). An important difference between principal and secondary packaging is that whatsoever information that is necessary to clarify the safety of the production must appear on the chief package. Otherwise, much of the required information tin can appear on just the secondary packaging.^[28]

Corrective packaging is standardized by the ISO 22715, set past the International Organisation for Standardization^{[ citation needed ] [29]} and regulated by national or regional regulations such as those issued by the Eu or the FDA. Marketers and manufacturers of corrective products must exist compliant to these regulations to be able to market their corrective products in the corresponding areas of jurisdiction.^{[ citation needed ]}

Industry [edit]

The manufacture of cosmetics is dominated past a pocket-size number of multinational corporations that originated in the early 20th century, but the distribution and sales of cosmetics is spread among a wide range of businesses. The world's largest cosmetic companies are L'Oréal, Procter & Gamble, Unilever, Shiseido, and Estée Lauder.^[30] In 2005, the market volume of the cosmetics manufacture in the US, Europe, and Japan was about EUR lxx Billion/a year.^[1] In Germany, the cosmetic industry generated €12.6 billion of retail sales in 2008,^[31] which makes the German corrective industry the third largest in the world, after Nihon and the United States. German language exports of cosmetics reached €5.8 billion in 2008, whereas imports of cosmetics totaled €3 billion.^[31]

The worldwide cosmetics and perfume industry currently generates an estimated annual turnover of Us$170 billion (according to Eurostaf – May 2007). Europe is the leading marketplace, representing approximately €63 billion, while sales in French republic reached €6.v billion in 2006, co-ordinate to FIPAR (Fédération des Industries de la Parfumerie – the French federation for the perfume industry).^{[32] [ unreliable source? ]} France is another country in which the cosmetic industry plays an important role, both nationally and internationally. According to information from 2008, the cosmetic manufacture has grown constantly in France for 40 consecutive years. In 2006, this industrial sector reached a record level of €half-dozen.5 billion. Famous corrective brands produced in France include Vichy, Yves Saint Laurent, Yves Rocher, and many others.

The Italian cosmetic industry is also an important player in the European cosmetic marketplace. Although not equally big as in other European countries, the corrective industry in Italy was estimated to reach €9 billion in 2007.^{[ citation needed ]} The Italian cosmetic industry is dominated past hair and trunk products and not makeup as in many other European countries. In Italian republic, hair and body products make upwards approximately 30% of the cosmetic market place. Makeup and facial intendance are the almost common corrective products exported to the United States.

According to Euromonitor International, the marketplace for cosmetics in Prc is expected to be $vii.iv billion in 2021 upwards from $4.3 billion in 2016. The increase is due to social media and the changing attitudes of people in the 18-to-30-twelvemonth age bracket.^[33]

Due to the popularity of cosmetics, peculiarly fragrances and perfumes, many designers who are non necessarily involved in the cosmetic industry came up with perfumes carrying their names. Moreover, some actors and singers (such as Celine Dion) have their ain perfume line. Designer perfumes are, like any other designer products, the almost expensive in the industry as the consumer pays for the product and the brand. Famous Italian fragrances are produced past Giorgio Armani, Dolce & Gabbana, and others.

Procter & Gamble, which sells CoverGirl and Dolce & Gabbana makeup, funded a study^[34] concluding that makeup makes women seem more competent.^[35] Due to the source of funding, the quality of this Boston University study is questioned.

Cosmetics products may exist retailed in dazzler stores, department stores and hypermarkets, drugstores, variety stores, grocery stores, beauty supply stores, and many other formats, and in similar types of online stores or the online presence of these types of physical stores.

Controversy [edit]

During the 20th century, the popularity of cosmetics increased quickly.^[36] Cosmetics are used past girls at increasingly young ages, particularly in the United States. Because of the fast-decreasing age of makeup users, many companies, from loftier-street brands like Rimmel to college-end products like Estee Lauder, cater to this expanding market by introducing flavored lipsticks and glosses, cosmetics packaged in glittery and sparkly packaging, and marketing and advert using young models.^[37] The social consequences of younger and younger cosmetics use has had much attention in the media over the last few years.

Criticism of cosmetics has come up from a wide variety of sources including some feminists,^[38] religious groups, animal rights activists, authors, and public interest groups. It has too faced criticism from men, some of whom describe it as a form of charade or fakeup.^[39]

Rubber [edit]

In the United States: "Nether the law, cosmetic products and ingredients practice non need FDA premarket approval."^[forty] The EU and other regulatory agencies around the world have more stringent regulations.^[41] The FDA does not have to approve or review cosmetics, or what goes in them, before they are sold to the consumers. The FDA only regulates against some colors that tin be used in the cosmetics and hair dyes. The cosmetic companies exercise not have to report any injuries from the products; they also only take voluntary recalls of products.^[4]

In that location has been a marketing trend towards the sale of cosmetics lacking controversial ingredients, especially those derived from petroleum, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), and parabens.^[42] Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of about 9,000 synthetic organofluorine compounds that accept multiple highly toxic fluorine atoms attached to an alkyl concatenation. PFAS are used by major cosmetics industry companies in a broad range of cosmetics, including such products as lipstick, eye liner, mascara, foundation, concealer, lip balm, blush, blast polish. A 2021 written report tested 231 personal care products and found organic fluorine, a hallmark of PFAS, in more than half of the samples. Substantial levels of fluorine were identified in tested brands of products as follows: 82% of the brands of waterproof mascara, 63% of the brands of foundations, and 62% of liquid lipstick. PFAS compounds are readily absorbed through human pare and through tear ducts, and such products on lips are often unwittingly ingested. Manufacturers often fail to characterization their products as containing PFAS, which makes it hard for cosmetics consumers to avoid products containing PFAS.^[43]

Formaldehyde is no longer used in cosmetics but has been replaced by formaldehyde releasers. Formaldehyde is dangerous to human health.^{[44] [45]} In 2011, the US National Toxicology Program described formaldehyde as "known to be a human carcinogen".^{[46] [47] [48]}

The danger of formaldehyde is a major reason for the development of formaldehyde releasers which release formaldehyde slowly at lower levels.^[49]

Numerous reports have raised concern over the safety of a few surfactants, including ii-butoxyethanol. In some individuals, SLS may cause a number of skin problems, including dermatitis. Additionally, some individuals accept had an emergence of vitiliago after using cosmetics containing the ingredient rhododendrol.^{[fifty] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55]}

Parabens can cause skin irritation and contact dermatitis in individuals with paraben allergies, a small pct of the general population.^[56] Animal experiments have shown that parabens have a weak estrogenic activeness, acting as xenoestrogens.^[57]

Perfumes are widely used in consumer products. Studies concluded from patch testing show fragrances contain some ingredients which may cause allergic reactions.^[58]

Balsam of Peru was the master recommended marker for perfume allergy before 1977, which is still advised. The presence of Balsam of Republic of peru in a cosmetic volition be denoted past the INCI term Myroxylon pereirae.^{[59] [60]} In some instances, Balsam of Republic of peru is listed on the ingredient characterization of a product past one of its various names, but it may not be required to be listed by its name past mandatory labeling conventions (in fragrances, for example, it may simply be covered by an ingredient listing of "fragrance").^{[threescore] [61] [62] [63]}

Some cosmetics companies accept made pseudo-scientific claims about their products which are misleading or unsupported by scientific prove.^{[64] [65]}

Animal testing [edit]

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available data. (September 2016)

Every bit of 2019 an estimated 50-100 million animals are tested on each year in locations such equally the United States and Prc.^[66] Such tests have involved general toxicity, eye and skin irritants, phototoxicity (toxicity triggered by ultraviolet lite), and mutagenicity.^{[67] [68]} Due to the upstanding concerns around animal testing, some nations have legislated confronting creature testing for cosmetics. An updated list tin be found on the Humane Societies website.^[69] According to the Humane Society of the United States, there are virtually l non-creature tests that accept been validated for use, with many more in development, that may replace animal testing and are potentially more efficacious.^[70] In the United states of america, mice, rats, rabbits, and cats are the nigh used animals for testing.^[71] In 2018, California banned the sale of animal tested cosmetics.^[72]

Cosmetics testing is banned in the Netherlands, Bharat, Norway, State of israel, New Zealand, Kingdom of belgium, and the U.k., and in 2002, the Eu agreed to phase in a nearly-full ban on the sale of creature-tested cosmetics throughout the Eu from 2009, and to ban all cosmetics-related animal testing.^[73] In December 2009, the European Parliament and Council passed the EC Regulation 1223/2009 on cosmetics, a neb to regulate the corrective industry in the European union.^[74] EC Regulation 1223/2009 took effect on July xi, 2013.^[74] In March 2013, the EU banned the import and sale of cosmetics containing ingredients tested on animals.^[75] China required creature testing on cosmetic products until 2014, when they waived animal testing requirements for domestically produced products.^[76] In 2019, China approved nine non-brute testing methods, and announced that by 2020 laws making creature testing compulsory would be lifted.^[77]

In June 2017, legislation was proposed in Commonwealth of australia to end brute testing in the cosmetics industry.^[78] In March 2019, the Australian Senate passed a bill banning the use of information from animal testing in the cosmetic industry afterwards July 1, 2020.^[79]

Legislation [edit]

Europe [edit]

In the European Spousal relationship, the manufacture, labelling, and supply of cosmetics and personal care products are regulated by Regulation EC 1223/2009.^[80] It applies to all the countries of the EU as well as Iceland, Norway, and Switzerland. This regulation applies to unmarried-person companies making or importing but one production also as to big multinationals. Manufacturers and importers of cosmetic products must comply with the applicative regulations in gild to sell their products in the EU. In this manufacture, it is mutual fall back on a suitably qualified person, such as an contained tertiary political party inspection and testing company, to verify the cosmetics' compliance with the requirements of applicable cosmetic regulations and other relevant legislation, including REACH, GMP, chancy substances, etc.^{[81] [82]}

In the European Union, the circulation of cosmetic products and their safety has been a subject area of legislation since 1976. 1 of the newest comeback of the regulation concerning cosmetic industry is a issue of the ban animal testing. Testing cosmetic products on animals has been illegal in the European Wedlock since September 2004, and testing the divide ingredients of such products on animals is besides prohibited by law, since March 2009 for some endpoints and total since 2013.^[83]

Corrective regulations in Europe are often updated to follow the trends of innovations and new technologies while ensuring production safe. For instance, all annexes of the Regulation 1223/2009 were aimed to accost potential risks to human being health. Nether the EU cosmetic regulation, manufacturers, retailers, and importers of cosmetics in Europe will be designated as "Responsible Person".^[84] This new status implies that the responsible person has the legal liability to ensure that the cosmetics and brands they manufacture or sell comply with the electric current cosmetic regulations and norms. The responsible person is also responsible of the documents contained in the Production Data File (PIF), a list of production information including data such as Cosmetic Product Safety Report, product description, GMP argument, or product function.

United states of america [edit]

In 1938, the U.Southward. passed the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Deed authorizing the Nutrient and Drug Administration (FDA) to oversee safety via legislation in the corrective industry and its aspects in the U.s..^{[85] [86]} The FDA joined with 13 other federal agencies in forming the Interagency Coordinating Commission on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM) in 1997, which is an endeavor to ban animal testing and find other methods to test cosmetic products.^[87]

The electric current law on cosmetics in the The states practise not require cosmetic products and ingredients to accept FDA approval earlier going on the market except from color additives.^[88] The Cosmetic Safety Enhancement Human action was introduced in December 2019 past Representative Frank Pallone.^[89]

Brazil [edit]

ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency) is the regulatory body responsible for cosmetic legislation and directives in the country. The rules apply to manufacturers, importers, and retailers of cosmetics in Brazil, and most of them have been harmonized and so they tin can apply to the entire Mercosur.

The current legislation restricts the employ of certain substances such as pyrogallol, formaldehyde, or paraformaldehyde and bans the utilize of others such as lead acetate in cosmetic products. All restricted and forbidden substances and products are listed in the regulation RDC xvi/xi and RDC 162, 09/11/01.

More recently, a new cosmetic Technical Regulation (RDC 15/2013) was set to plant a listing of authorized and restricted substances for cosmetic use, used in products such as hair dyes, nail hardeners, or used as product preservatives.

Most Brazilian regulations are optimized, harmonized, or adapted in lodge to be applicable and extended to the unabridged Mercosur economic zone.

International [edit]

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published new guidelines on the safety manufacturing of cosmetic products under a Skillful Manufacturing Practices (GMP) regime. Regulators in several countries and regions have adopted this standard, ISO 22716:2007, finer replacing existing guidance and standards. ISO 22716 provides a comprehensive arroyo for a quality direction system for those engaged in the manufacturing, packaging, testing, storage, and transportation of corrective end products. The standard deals with all aspects of the supply chain, from the early delivery of raw materials and components until the shipment of the final product to the consumer.

The standard is based on other quality management systems, ensuring smooth integration with such systems every bit ISO 9001 or the British Retail Consortium (BRC) standard for consumer products. Therefore, it combines the benefits of GMP, linking corrective product rubber with overall business improvement tools that enable organisations to see global consumer demand for cosmetic product safety certification.^[90]

In July 2012, since microbial contamination is one of the greatest concerns regarding the quality of cosmetic products, the ISO has introduced a new standard for evaluating the antimicrobial protection of a cosmetic production by preservation efficacy testing and microbiological risk assessment.

See also [edit]

• Airbrush makeup
• Makeup brush
• Baking
• Trunk art
• Contouring
• Cosmeceutical
• Cosmetic packaging
• Electrotherapy (cosmetic)
• Female corrective coalitions
• Henna
• Ingredients of cosmetics
• Male cosmetics
• Moulage
• Natural skin care
• Palm oil
• Permanent makeup
• Peel care

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Further reading [edit]

• Wintertime, Ruth (2005) [2005]. A Consumer'due south Lexicon of Cosmetic Ingredients: Consummate Information Virtually the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients in Cosmetics (Paperback). The states: Three Rivers Press. ISBN978-1-4000-5233-2.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetics#:~:text=A%20variety%20of%20organic%20compounds,%2C%20talc%2C%20and%20zinc%20oxide.

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